In 216BC Hannibal brought about the destruction of the Roman army at Cannae using the classical manoeuvre of the double envelopment: in 1941, the German commander von Runstedt brought off a similar manouevre against the Russians at Kiev and won an equally crushing defeat. In this book, the author sets out to demonstrate the constant factors that have underlain the strategy and tactics of the great commanders, from Alexander the Great to Marshal Zukhov.