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Über den Autor

Beinhaltet den Namen: Jason K. Stearns

Werke von Jason Stearns

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Geburtstag
1976-10-31
Geschlecht
male
Nationalität
USA
Geburtsort
San Francisco, California, USA
Ausbildung
Amherst College
Agent
Robert Guinsler

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I really did not know much about the Congo and it's 15 year war, but was interested in the country after reading In The Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, about Mubutu's reign in that country. I thought things were bad when Mubutu was running things, I had no idea how horrible things are now. The book is loaded with facts and interviews but it never gives any suggestions or solutions, which is something you usually expect. What you do get is a clear picture of why there is no clear picture, no one group or even groups you can point a finger and lay blame at. One thing that is clear is that while it would be great if Belgium were forced, along with the rest of Europe to clean up the mess they made in Africa, that will not happen, which is probably also a good thing. No amount of money, military assistance, or meddling intervention from the UN, the USA, or Europe, can fix the problems in the Congo, yes there are the usual wishful thinking ideas that someone like the author (who was/is employed by the UN, comes up with, but saying if they do this and that is a lot different than mapping out HOW THEY NEED TO DO IT), and ignores the fact that Congo as well as a number of other countries in Africa, is at least as bad off if not worse, than when they were either governed by murderous dictators, or under colonial rule. That is why I say there seemed to be no answers, but so far everything that has been tried has failed, and so the slaughter of people continues on a daily basis. A very sad commentary on the human race.… (mehr)
 
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zmagic69 | 7 weitere Rezensionen | Mar 31, 2023 |
Dancing in the Glory of Monsters is an exceptionally well written set of accounts of the actions in and around the Congo Wars. This is not a history of the wars themselves but a series of expertly interwoven narratives charting some of the actions of the people involved. It is the story of politicians, perpetrators, and victims. The logic and reasoning behind some of the myriad different actors in the Wars is touched on and offers a great introduction to understanding Africa's World War.

The book rightly starts at the genesis of the Wars - the Rwanda massacres of Tutsis by Hutus. Strange that so much suffering in Congo can have been caused by this bout of outrageous violence in small, neighbouring Rwanda. Jason Stearns takes an holistic view, not just looking at the actions within Congo but the motivations of those around. Of course Rwanda is the most important because it was the Government of Paul Kagame who toppled Mobutu Sese Seko.

The thinking behind the Rwandan intervention is fascinating. Impressive to see such access to some of those in the inner circle that Kagame put together. Of course the Rwandans made a terrible mistake in installing Laurent Kabila and there is not really enough here to explain how come they made that error. Kabila does not seem to be such an obvious leader that the Rwandans had to choose him given the comments of those who were around him in the early going.

The capability of the Rwandan forces compared to the impoverished Congolese ones is well laid out. The depredations of Mobutu and his systematic dismantling of the Congolese forces is described as the ultimate cause of their futility. It was only foreign intervention that held the Rwandans in check at all.

The international element is not fully explored. There is description of the Angolan and Zimbabwean intervention gains some coverage but this is not really their story. It is mostly the story of the Congolese themselves and in many cases the proxies used by others for purposes both moral and self-interested.

Some of the savagery carried out in the DRC was utterly heartbreaking. Stearns tells some of those stories like the worshippers burned in a church or villagers being wiped out. The tales told by survivors are devastating to read and there is a lot of human tragedy in this work. Stearns tells victims stories sympathetically without being overly sentimental. It is fascinating that different sides see things so differently and that each side only really knows about atrocities carried out by the other.

Stearns also engages with perpetrators. He meets with some of those who led factions or militias and tells their story or retells the descriptions of those who were close to leadership. These are classic stories of Big Men. Many of them seem to be out to enrich themselves and in a few instances they seem to be utterly incompetent. The tales of people who emerged from the jungle to glorify themselves and then fade away when their facade falls are a level of detail that those without more than a passing interest in the subject will not necessarily have. It is understanding these factions that leads to understanding the overall tragedy.

The reason this book works so well though is because it is structured and written so effectively. The narrative spreads over so many different angles because there are so many different aspects to the conflict. Stearns does not take a strictly chronological order but it is roughly a guide from the Rwanda massacre to the time of Joseph Kabila.

Dancing in the Glory of Monsters is not a military history but is an important analysis of the politics and people. It is a seminal work on a conflict that has had a devastating effect in Central Africa. Stearns shines a light on dark corners of the violence and does so with a dispassionate sympathy which makes it so easy to identify with all of those involved.
… (mehr)
 
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Malarchy | 7 weitere Rezensionen | Jun 22, 2018 |
Hopeless. Barbarous. Savage. Uncivilized. Untamed. Primitive. Murderous. Diseased. Cannibalistic. Uncivilized. Irreligious. Tribal. "The Big Man". Unintelligent. Comparisons to European civilization are ridiculous. No thought, no architecture, no philosophy, no mathematics, no alphabet and no writing, no Hawking or Newton or Euler or Tesla or Descartes or Euripides or Leonardo or Scalia. Hopeless. (Read Richburg.)
 
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BayanX | 7 weitere Rezensionen | Nov 25, 2017 |
It's often claimed that the Congo Wars are too confusing for outsiders to understand. Pshaw.

It's really quite simple. The RFP pushed into DRC in the guise of the AFDL, originally pursuing ex-FAR. Naturally with UNITA and FLEC in the area Angola had an interest in getting involved and Uganda was wrestling with the WNBLF, UMLA, the ADM and of course the NALU; the Burundians, meanwhile, were contending with the FDD and FNL, all of whom were laden with RPGs and AKs. OK? After Kabila père turned on them, Rwanda backed the RCD, until it splintered at which point the RCD-A and RCD-O went one way while the RCD-N won support from Kampala on the QT. Bemba, who was running the MLC like an IPO, was in the middle. The UN and EU were not sure who to help and the ICRC, IMF and NGOs like MSF were reporting widespread FUBAR leading most commentators to conclude simply WTF.

Jason Stearns, a journalist who worked for a decade in the Congo, including for the UN and various human rights organisations, is only moderately successful in unpicking the tangle of the two conflicts which between 1996 and 2003 killed around five million people. He is much stronger, though, in making the general point that the violence in the Congo, however complex, does in fact result from comprehensible social and political conditions and that these need to be examined; it must not be left to the ascription of some inexplicable African capacity for evil or savagery, which is the implication that lies behind much coverage of the wars.

They are not alien; they are not evil; they are not beyond our comprehension. […] The principal actors are far from just savages, mindlessly killing and being killed, but thinking, breathing Homines sapientes, whose actions, however abhorrent, are underpinned by political rationales and motives.

So let me have another run at summarising what happened.

The Congo Wars began as a sequel to the genocide in Rwanda, when thousands of Hutu refugees fled over the border into eastern Zaire (as it was then called). Because perpetrators of the genocide were among these refugees, the Rwandans crossed the border to hunt them down and the international community, feeling somewhat guilty about having done so little during the Rwandan genocide, mostly let them do it.

Seeking to give this incursion more legitimacy, the Rwandans (along with Uganda, who had their own motives for getting involved) now picked from obscurity a minor Congolese rebel, then living in exile, called Laurent Kabila, and made him the head of a new rebel group called the AFDL. This was presented as a home-grown rebellion against President Mobutu, but really it was an elaborate fig-leaf for Rwandan and Ugandan invasion. With this foreign support, Kabila made it to Kinshasa, deposed Mobutu, and became president, having paused en route to slaughter all the Hutu refugees in the country.

The international community, starting to lose track of who was supposed to be the goodies and baddies in this story, again did very little.

Kabila was a fairly weak president, since he'd come to power with little local support. Whipping up some nationalist fervour, he now ordered all foreign powers out of the country and turned his guns on the Rwandans and Ugandans who had brought him to power. They were annoyed. Apart from anything else, they had been profiting handsomely from the eastern Congo's mineral wealth. So they simply invaded again, and began busily supporting whatever local rebellions they could find. To make matters more confusing, Rwanda and Uganda also fell out with each other, which meant they were both funding different rebel groups which now fought against each other as well as against the Congolese army, and all of these groups were framing their arguments in divisively ethnic terms.

What becomes abundantly clear, reading through the details of these messy conflicts, is the absence of any functioning state in the Congo. The Economist once commented that it wasn't a country but rather a ‘Zaire-shaped hole in the middle of Africa’, and you soon start realising that the comparisons are not with other countries around the world now but with the Italian states familiar to Machiavelli, or with seventeenth-century Germany. Nothing that a state needs to do is done. There are, for instance, only two thousand miles of paved road in what is the world's twelfth-largest country. The tax system is not designed to finance the state, but is set deliberately high to encourage bribes to local officials (a World Bank report found that if you actually paid all your taxes in DRC you would be shelling out 230 percent of your profits); so the entire economy is shifted into the informal sector. But most of all, the Congo is not able to assume the monopoly on violence that we expect from a nation-state, and local militia and foreign proxies fill the vacuum in their dozens.

This background is important. When lazy articles boil DRC down to a series of shock images – violent gang-rapes, women forced to eat their dead babies and so on – these things happen, but they are not the result of evil monsters but the result, quite predictable, of generations of intertribal violence and state weakness. Reading about such scenes – and Stearns, without being gratuitous, does not shy away from some extremely upsetting close-ups – I realised that I had been reading about exactly the same thing in a European context a few months ago when I was boning up on the Thirty Years' War.

Sometimes in here we can almost catch the cycle taking place in front of us. One of Stearns's interviewees, a young man who ran off to join a local AFDL unit – little more than a group of armed kids in the forest – describes the horrific brutalisation that new recruits were put through, something that in a way represents the brutalisation of all young men in a society so regularly at war: the hazing, the beating, the constant reinforcement of the duty to kill and beyond that to exercise cruelty. This is drummed into you. Every weakness is penalised and every misdemeanour exploited:

After committing a minor infraction, Kizito was told to step in front of his fellow recruits and dig a small hole in the pitch. ““This is your vagina,’ the commander said. ‘Take out your dick and fuck it!’” Kizito told me, blushing and looking down. In front of all of his fellow recruits, he was forced to hump the hole until he ejaculated. “In front of all those people, it was almost impossible,” he muttered. At sixteen, he was still a virgin.

A few weeks later, at graduation, they were made to slit the throats of some captured prisoners. Then they were soldiers, and real men.

Those who go on to be responsible for atrocities or massacres here justify themselves in much the same way as we've seen in Cambodia or Nazi Germany or anywhere else: they were professionals who followed the orders they were given. One RPF officer, discussing the mass slaughter of Hutu refugees, quite cheerfully explains how he went about it:

“We could do over a hundred a day,” Papy told me. I had a hard time believing him; it seemed so outrageous. “We used ropes, it was the fastest way and we didn't spill blood. Two of us would place a guy on the ground, wrap a rope around his neck once, then pull hard.” It would break the victim's windpipe and then strangle him to death. There was little noise or fuss.

But trying to ascribe blame in this plexus of revenge and counter-counterinsurgency is, even in individual cases, almost impossible. Even the victims, asked to address the matter of responsibility, are overwhelmed.

I asked him whom he blamed for their deaths. He shrugged. “There are too many people to blame. Mobutu for ruining our country. Rwanda and Uganda for invading it. Ourselves for letting them do so. None of that will help bring my children back.”

How western countries and international agencies should insert themselves into this situation is a complicated question. Stearns is sceptical about aid, seeing it too often as a way of assuaging guilt without dealing with problems at the root level, which is to say in terms of political structures. ‘All development,’ he points out, I think rightly, ‘is deeply political. By taking over the financing of most public services, donors take pressure off the Congolese government to respond to the needs of its citizens.’ He cannot find any really new solutions, but he does point to tighter regulation of international business as one area that could easily make a difference: at the moment, too many companies can turn a blind eye to the source of their coltan or copper, and industry guidelines about how such minerals are produced are just not very firmly enforced.

The Congo's problems will only start to turn around through new relationships between the people, the politicians, and businesses, and outside elements need to think carefully about how they are affecting this process instead of just chucking money into the whirlpool. Ultimately, he thinks: ‘We simply do not care enough.’

He does care, and for those who want to understand the region better his book makes a good starting-point. By focusing on the war, the book unfortunately does nothing to deconstruct the constant harmful equation between the Congo and conflict – but at least you come away from it feeling a little more informed, and a little less like the whole thing is just an inexplicable bloody mess.
… (mehr)
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Widsith | 7 weitere Rezensionen | Aug 25, 2016 |

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