An international team of over 100 leading scholars has been brought together to provide authoritative exposition of how history?s most important philosophical thinkers ? from antiquity to the present day- have sought to analyse the concepts and tenets central to Western religious belief, especially Christianity. Volume 4 comprises an introduction, presenting an overview of Nineteenth-Century philosophy of religion, and a series of essays on Nineteenth-Century philosophers, including Johann Gottlieb Fichte, G. W. F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Friedriche Nietsche, Josiah Royce, John Henry Newman and Emile Durkheim. Each essay opens with a brief biography, outlines and analyses the philosopher?s contribution to thinking on religion, and concludes with key further reading. The volume closes with a chronology, presenting a contextual guide to the main religious, political, cultural and artistic events of the period. This volume is an excellent tool for those undertaking research in this area.