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The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait

von Joseph F. O'Callaghan

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The epic battle for control of the Strait of Gibraltar waged by Castile, Morocco, and Granada in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries is a major, but often overlooked, chapter in the history of the Christian reconquest of Spain. After the Castilian conquest of Seville in 1248 and the submission of the Muslim kingdom of Granada as a vassal state, the Moors no longer loomed as a threat and the reconquest seemed to be over. Still, in the following century, the Castilian kings, prompted by ideology and strategy, attempted to dominate the Strait. As self-proclaimed heirs of the Visigoths, they aspired not only to reconstitute the Visigothic kingdom by expelling the Muslims from Spain but also to conquer Morocco as part of the Visigothic legacy. As successive bands of Muslims over the centuries had crossed the Strait from Morocco into Spain, the kings of Castile recognized the strategic importance of securing Algeciras, Gibraltar, and Tarifa, the ports long used by the invaders.At a time when European enthusiasm for the crusade to the Holy Land was on the wane, the Christian struggle for the Strait received the character of a crusade as papal bulls conferred the crusading indulgence as well as ancillary benefits. The Gibraltar Crusade had mixed results. Although the Castilians seized Gibraltar in 1309 and Algeciras in 1344, the Moors eventually repossessed them. Only Tarifa, captured in 1292, remained in Castilian hands. Nevertheless, the power of the Marinid dynasty of Morocco was broken at the battle of Salado in 1340, and for the remainder of the Middle Ages Spain was relieved of the threat of Moroccan invasion. While the reconquest remained dormant during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Granada, the last Muslim outpost in Spain, in 1492. In subsequent years Castile fulfilled its earlier aspirations by establishing a foothold in Morocco.… (mehr)
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In the first half of the 13th century, the heartland of Muslim Spain, the Guadalquivir valley, fell into Castilian hands, culminating with the conquest of Seville in 1248. Only a coastal strip, from Tarifa to Almanzora, remained in Muslim hands, as the kingdom of Granada. This book is about the the following century, as the Castilian kings repeatedly tried to carry on the Reconquista, and especially to wrest control over the the Strait of Gibraltar, while the Granadine rulers tried to resist them, playing a dangerous game of inviting their Moroccan co-religionists to help keep the Christians at bay while avoiding the fate of earlier Andalusian rulers who had found themselves annexed by previous Moroccan saviours. After the Black Death, both Reconquista ardour and the prospect of Moroccan invasion faded, until the joint Spanish monarchy rediscovered the former in the late 15th century.

On the map, there was not much to show from this century of wars - routinely sanctified as crusades by the papacy and on the Muslim side seen as jihad -, with Tarifa the only permanent Castilian gain of significance, and the Moroccan Marinids eventually handing back to Granada their peninsular outposts to pursue internecine struggles. But it cemented a shift in power: the Marinids were the last Moroccan invaders of the Iberian peninsula, and they were defeated, unlike their Almoravid and Almohad precedessors, who had conquered the southern half of it in the 11th and 12th centuries respectively. In the future, it would be Iberian powers invading Morocco rather than vice versa.

O'Callaghan's book is a strict politico-military history, a chronological narrative with some thematic remarks about military organization, war finance, the ideologies of crusade and jihad, etc. tacked on at the end. Requires some concentration to keep all the people and places mentioned straight, and a tolerably profound interest in the subject to appreciate.
2 abstimmen AndreasJ | Mar 2, 2016 |
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The epic battle for control of the Strait of Gibraltar waged by Castile, Morocco, and Granada in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries is a major, but often overlooked, chapter in the history of the Christian reconquest of Spain. After the Castilian conquest of Seville in 1248 and the submission of the Muslim kingdom of Granada as a vassal state, the Moors no longer loomed as a threat and the reconquest seemed to be over. Still, in the following century, the Castilian kings, prompted by ideology and strategy, attempted to dominate the Strait. As self-proclaimed heirs of the Visigoths, they aspired not only to reconstitute the Visigothic kingdom by expelling the Muslims from Spain but also to conquer Morocco as part of the Visigothic legacy. As successive bands of Muslims over the centuries had crossed the Strait from Morocco into Spain, the kings of Castile recognized the strategic importance of securing Algeciras, Gibraltar, and Tarifa, the ports long used by the invaders.At a time when European enthusiasm for the crusade to the Holy Land was on the wane, the Christian struggle for the Strait received the character of a crusade as papal bulls conferred the crusading indulgence as well as ancillary benefits. The Gibraltar Crusade had mixed results. Although the Castilians seized Gibraltar in 1309 and Algeciras in 1344, the Moors eventually repossessed them. Only Tarifa, captured in 1292, remained in Castilian hands. Nevertheless, the power of the Marinid dynasty of Morocco was broken at the battle of Salado in 1340, and for the remainder of the Middle Ages Spain was relieved of the threat of Moroccan invasion. While the reconquest remained dormant during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Granada, the last Muslim outpost in Spain, in 1492. In subsequent years Castile fulfilled its earlier aspirations by establishing a foothold in Morocco.

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