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The Great Leveler: Violence and the History…
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The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century (The Princeton Economic History of the Western World, 69) (2018. Auflage)

von Walter Scheidel (Autor)

MitgliederRezensionenBeliebtheitDurchschnittliche BewertungDiskussionen
409261,202 (4.05)4
Front Cover -- Titel -- Widmung -- Impressum -- Inhalt -- Einleitung: Die Herausforderung der Ungleichheit -- Teil I. Eine kurze Geschichte der Ungleichheit -- 1. Der Aufstieg der Ungleichheit -- 2. Imperien der Ungleichheit -- 3. Auf und ab -- Teil II. Krieg -- 4. Totaler Krieg -- 5. Die Große Kompression -- 6. Krieg und Bürgerkrieg in vorindustrieller Zeit -- Teil III. Revolution -- 7. Kommunismus -- 8. Vor Lenin -- Teil IV. Zusammenbruch -- 9. Staatsversagen und Systemkollaps -- Teil V. Seuchen -- 10. Der Schwarze Tod -- 11. Pandemien, Hungersnöte, Kriege -- Teil VI. Alternativen -- 12. Reformen, Rezession und Repräsentation -- 13. Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Bildung -- 14. Was wäre, wenn? Von historischen Fakten zu kontrafaktischen Annahmen -- Teil VII. Die Rückkehr der Ungleichheit und die Zukunftder Nivellierung -- 15. In unserer Zeit -- 16. Was erwartet uns in der Zukunft? -- Anhang -- Die Grenzen der Ungleichheit -- Anmerkungen -- Bibliografie -- Liste der Schaubilder und Tabellen -- Register -- Back Cover… (mehr)
Mitglied:Thamsanqa
Titel:The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century (The Princeton Economic History of the Western World, 69)
Autoren:Walter Scheidel (Autor)
Info:Princeton University Press (2018), Edition: Reprint, 528 pages
Sammlungen:Wunschzettel
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The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century von Walter Scheidel

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Important and Depressing.

The Necessity of Violence

In known History, according to our author Walter Scheidel, peaceful redistribution has never succeeded in lessening inequality of wealth.
Now, the forms of violence that lessen inequality may be the result of direct human choice, such as war and revolution; or they may be (at least partially) unwilled, such as famine and pandemics. ...With state collapse seemingly a combination of both the willed and unwilled.
Let us grant all this for the sake of argument. Even so, none of these will _always_ produce an easing of inequality. But, according to our author, it is always through some form of violence that economic inequality is substantially lessened.
...ALWAYS.

Thoughts
This would seemingly leave us with only two choices:
either we accept ever-increasing economic inequality,
or we accept the necessity of massive violence to stop this.
Obviously, no one is maintaining that the growth of inequality can't be slowed by legislation, such as progressive taxation. But all these various progressive schemes do is slow the rate of growth of inequality. Taxes and welfare redistribution only slow the inevitable rise of inequality. Inequality must increase, however slowly, even in welfare states.

Again, there are only two choices. Violence or ever-growing Inequality.
...Now, which do you choose?
  pomonomo2003 | Apr 21, 2019 |
The Great Leveler by Walter Scheidel is a provocative and insightful contribution to our understanding of inequality over the long run and despite being grounded in economic history it is a book where you find serious questions about the future of inequality and the shape and structure of our societies. It shows that inequality never dies peacefully. Inequality declines when bloodbath and disaster strike and increases when stability and peace return.

Anyway, the book details some principal dynamics of the evolution of economic inequality. There are obviously many different types of inequality we could talk about, but the book limits to income and wealth inequality and in particular to one question – are there some patterns across the full scope of history that have repeatedly reduced economic inequality and how do they compare to other variables.

Walter Scheidel, the author of the book, names four major variables of levelling:
• mass-mobilisation warfare
• transformative revolutions
• state collapses
• catastrophic plagues
which have repeatedly destroyed the fortunes of the rich and filled up pockets of the poor.

Violent upheavals have been the single, most important means of levelling wealth and income inequality in human history. So violent disturbances are often associated with the death of tens of millions of people have been by far the most effective means of reducing economic inequality.

Starting with state collapse is simply the flipside of state formation. If we look at thousands of years of human history, most people lived in societies that were governed by states and were more or less openly predatory, unfair, hierarchical, exploitative. To a large extent, they were focused on the benefit of a small ruling class at the expense of everybody else. The longer these governments lasted the bigger they became in the form of pre-modern empires, in particular, the more potential there was for the concentration of income and especially wealth among a small ruling class, the worse it was for the rest of the population.

The second main pre-modern levelling force was pandemic, a very severe outbreak of epidemic disease. A few times in our history (black death that killed about half of all people in Britain and a third of all people in Europe, the pandemics in a new world introduced by the Europeans after 1492 that introduced smallpox and measles decimating a local population) what happens after all these occasions was that inequality went down. As a result of these epidemics, tens of millions of people lost their lives but survivors happened to be better off and the real incomes of the working class went up about 150%. Unfortunately, the idyll lasted as long as these plagues and their aftermath were active and once the stabilisation began and everything went back to normal the high levels of economic inequality showed up once again.

The third factor – mass-mobilisation is a capital phenomenon where capital holdings lost their returns on capital dramatically as a result of state intervention in the private sector associated with the war effort. Belligerent states had to raise taxes on income and wealth the rich, in order to pay for the war effort, got higher tax rates. For high earners, there was even a 90% tax introduced, and 70% for income gained large entities in the US and similar rates in Britain, France and Japan. All over the place this effectively resulted in a redistribution of resources from the rich to workers. These countries achieved full employment because of conscription systems and the money ended up, primarily, in the pockets of the working population.

Many of these events worked in the past, let’s say until 1970. In the world, we inhabit today, in an environment that is much more globalized, much more integrated than it was in the past all these things have really begun to fade. The environment today is quite different from the shape it was a couple of generations ago when we could observe significant reductions in inequality. Sadly there are estimations reflecting that it will go up rather than down in the 21st century. Globalization is enormously beneficial to many people in developing countries but disadvantageous to certain groups in developed countries which we have observed now for some time. Automation is an ongoing completely open-ended process. Nobody knows what jobs are actually going to be done by robots or by software in the coming years. From now there is certainly enormous potential for destruction of certain types of jobs. Retraining is an answer, but not a perfect remedy because we cannot just retrain our skills overnight. A lot of friction is bound to occur as a part of this process. Another “development” – ageing of the general populations we already see in Japan and in Western Europe, in particular, is going to become much more widespread. Next generations are going to have a problem because the older population of developed countries is going to receive less public funds. It will be available for aggressively the distributive programs because more money will have to be spent on caring for the pensions healthcare.

The flipside of secular ageing is immigration, the idea that if there are more and more elderly people and not enough young people it will just have more people coming from other parts of the world. In the case of Europe, it would have to be the Middle East. It would have to be Africa which creates new challenges with respect to inequality. Something we have not really seen yet because the processes really are just beginning on a large scale, but there are lots of... (if you like to read my full review please visit my blog https://leadersarereaders.blog/2019/03/28/thegreatleveler) ( )
2 abstimmen LeadersAreReaders | Mar 28, 2019 |
Only if we accept that the social dynamics of the Aztecs and Mesopotamian elites can coexist with mass access to information and human rights should we adopt the pessimism whose premise pervades this book. I refuse to.
hinzugefügt von DouglasAtEik | bearbeitenThe Guardian, Paul Mason (Mar 29, 2017)
 
As a supplier of momentary relief, the Great Depression seems an unlikely candidate. But when it turns up [in the book] it feels oddly welcome. For once real wages rise and the incomes of the most affluent fall to a degree that has a “powerful impact on economic inequality”.
hinzugefügt von DouglasAtEik | bearbeitenThe Economist (Mar 2, 2017)
 

» Andere Autoren hinzufügen

AutorennameRolleArt des AutorsWerk?Status
Walter ScheidelHauptautoralle Ausgabenberechnet
Chauvel, LouisVorwortCo-Autoreinige Ausgabenbestätigt
Weis, CédricTraductionCo-Autoreinige Ausgabenbestätigt
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Ainsi le partage détruirait l’excès,
Et chacun aurait assez…
Shakespeare, Le Roi Lear, Gloucester.
Que les riches disparaissent, et la pauvreté est abolie.
De Divitiis.
Que de fois les dieux ont trouvé pour moi des remèdes pires que les maux qui m’accablaient !
Sénèque, Médée.
Widmung
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À ma mère.
Erste Worte
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Préface
(Louis Chauvel)

Processus de civilisation, inégalités extrêmes et violence de masse

Pour nous, Européens, héritiers du confort des classes moyennes de la fin du XXe siècle, conservant encore quelques éléments du bien-être du monde d’hier, nous portons, chevillée à l’esprit, cette certitude héritée de Norbert Elias : maîtrise de la violence et processus de civilisation sont identiques dans sa théorie. [...]
I
Une brève histoire des inégalités

1
Emergence et montée des inégalités

A l'aube du nivellement

Les inégalités ont-elles toujours fait partie de notre existence ? Nos plus proches parents non humains, les grands singes africains – gorilles, chimpanzés et bonobos – vivent dans des groupes extrêmement hiérarchisés. [...]
Zitate
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Front Cover -- Titel -- Widmung -- Impressum -- Inhalt -- Einleitung: Die Herausforderung der Ungleichheit -- Teil I. Eine kurze Geschichte der Ungleichheit -- 1. Der Aufstieg der Ungleichheit -- 2. Imperien der Ungleichheit -- 3. Auf und ab -- Teil II. Krieg -- 4. Totaler Krieg -- 5. Die Große Kompression -- 6. Krieg und Bürgerkrieg in vorindustrieller Zeit -- Teil III. Revolution -- 7. Kommunismus -- 8. Vor Lenin -- Teil IV. Zusammenbruch -- 9. Staatsversagen und Systemkollaps -- Teil V. Seuchen -- 10. Der Schwarze Tod -- 11. Pandemien, Hungersnöte, Kriege -- Teil VI. Alternativen -- 12. Reformen, Rezession und Repräsentation -- 13. Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Bildung -- 14. Was wäre, wenn? Von historischen Fakten zu kontrafaktischen Annahmen -- Teil VII. Die Rückkehr der Ungleichheit und die Zukunftder Nivellierung -- 15. In unserer Zeit -- 16. Was erwartet uns in der Zukunft? -- Anhang -- Die Grenzen der Ungleichheit -- Anmerkungen -- Bibliografie -- Liste der Schaubilder und Tabellen -- Register -- Back Cover

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