Following the rise of nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century, Beranger's dream of international cooperation was repeatedly quashed, most brutally in the two world wars of the twentieth century. Revived in the aftermath of World War II, in the United Nations and European Union, this dream is once again under widespread threat by virulent nationalism. But two centuries after the Allied occupation of guarantee brought the first total war of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire to a close, Beranger's hope for total peace bears repeating: "Yes, free at last, let the world breathe;/Over the past throw a thick veil./Sow your field to the tunes of the lyre;/The incense of the arts must burn for peace./Hope, laughing, in the breast of abundance,/Will welcome the sweet fruits of Hymen [god of marriage]./Peoples, form a saint alliance,/And give each other your hand."