An examination of how history has shaped the identity of the Middle East. Most of its modern states are of recent origin, yet the region is the birthplace of three religions and many civilizations. Bernard Lewis, a world respected historian of the Middle East, discusses the countries and frontiers, their religions and communities, language and loyalties, and Middle Eastern perceptions of outsiders. He also considers the effect of alien ideas and influences including liberalism, nationalism, fascism, socialism and democracy.