This is a well-written, scholarly examination of the life of Mutsuhito, posthumously known as the Meiji Emperor, a critical figure in Japan's rapid 19th century transformation from secluded feudalism (think of Kurosawa's samurai films) to a modern industrial state. The author, Donald Keene, is probably the most widely-read and highly respected Western scholar of Japanese literature today. Yet it strikes me as an odd biography, with some serious, though not fatal, shortcomings.

The first problem, which Keene acknowledges, is the difficulty in getting a fix on Meiji as a human being. What little documentary evidence exists regarding Mutsuhito's personal life is mostly sequestered in the imperial archives, off-limits to scholars. Keene's primary source is the often-cryptic daily calendar of Mutsuhito's official life, supplemented by Mutushito's poetry. Still, he does a good job of mining these sources (and many secondary works by Japanese scholars) to illustrate the emperor's role in re-establishing imperial power (after centuries of subjugation to the warlords known as shoguns) and validating the opening of Japan to the outside world (after centuries of self-imposed seclusion). And his meticulous examination of court procedure allows us to see how Mutsuhito's education, carefully planned by court officials, turned him into a very different emperor than his more traditional, strongly anti-foreign father, the Komei Emperor.

A limited portrait of Mutsuhito's character develops gradually, through a slow accretion of facts. For one example among many: starting in 1886, we see the emperor, year after year, increasingly skip -- and eventually give up entirely -- the annual New Year religious observances that had been one of the principal occupations of his predecessors, suggesting that despite his apparent conservatism he was increasingly focused on more "modern" aspects of his role (though illness may sometimes have played a role). After several hundred pages, Meiji emerges as a serious, reticent, occasionally workaholic leader who worried about his image, his nation, and his soldiers (in two wars, with China and Russia) while fathering 15 children with five different concubines, largely ignoring a drinking problem, indulging an obsession for riding horses, and avoiding doctors like the plague.

The second and perhaps more serious problem with the book is the lack of political, economic and social context. This is not the place to start if you're looking for an introduction to Meiji Japan. Mutsuhito reigned during one of the most dynamic political and economic transformations in modern history. Yet for the most part Keene discusses only those issues that directly affected the emperor's daily life, like receiving Western vistors, the growing prevalence of Western dress among the nobility and court officials, and his travels around the country to show himself (or, more often, his closed palaquin passing by) to his subjects. Mutsuhito's relations with key political leaders like Ito Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo are described in detail, but without any explanation of just how vital a role they played in making the so-called Meiji Restoration happen and the ways in which they shaped Japan's development. Perhaps because he's a scholar of literature, not politics (his discussions of Meiji's poetry are quite interesting) or because the material has been covered elsewhere or maybe just to keep the book's length (922 pages) manageable, Keene gives readers only the barest sense of the monumental social upheavals going on in Japan during Meiji's life.

A good comparison is with Herbert Bix's biography of Meiji's grandson, "Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan." Bix deals in great detail with the growing militarism, weakening democracy, economic upheaval, and foreign imperialism of the 20th century Showa period, all of which was prefigured in the way political and economic strucutures developed under Meiji, which Keene does not discuss. Court officials in the 1920s, concerned that the emperor's prestige and status had declined during the rule of Hirohito's physically and mentally disabled father (Yoshihito, the Taisho Emperor), billed Hirohito as the true heir of the heroic Meiji. But again, that image of Meiji might be difficult to comprehend if one had read only Keene's biography of the emperor without consulting the other excellent literature on that important period in Japan's history. I can only assume that Keene had in mind a more limited, but nonetheless worthwhile goal for this book -- to pull together everything available to give as complete a picture as possible of Mutsuhito the man, to complement the many other Meiji-era studies that put more emphasis on Meiji the symbol. ( )