Health is increasingly seen as a robust predictor of economic growth. In the present report, the contribution of health to economic development is examined in the context of southeastern Europe, where the dynamics of health cooperation gained momentum following the Second Ministerial Health Forum, co-organized by the Council of Europe Development Bank, the Council of Europe and the WHO Regional Office for Europe, with the special participation of ministers of finance. The report presents the socioeconomic context and the evolution of the health sector. It examines the trends and patterns observable in the areas of disease burden and socioeconomic inequalities in health, and the development of the health systems and policies, as well as the way they should evolve in order to meet the future specific health challenges. The report demonstrates the economic importance of health for the countries of southeastern Europe. Health, as a human capital ingredient, is especially relevant for sustained economic development and social cohesion. These two political objectives figure prominently on the EU agenda and play a central role in the European Union's Lisbon agenda.