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Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crises

von Anwar Shaikh

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"Orthodox economics operates within a hypothesized world of perfect competition in which perfect consumers and firms act to bring about supposedly optimal outcomes. The discrepancies between this model and the reality it claims to address are then attributed to particular imperfections in reality itself. Most heterodox economists seize on this fact and insist that the world is characterized by imperfect competition. But this only ties them to the notion of perfect competition, which remains as their point of departure and base of comparison. There is no imperfection without perfection. In Capitalism, Anwar Shaikh takes a different approach. He demonstrates that most of the central propositions of economic analysis can be derived without any reference to standard devices such as hyperrationality, optimization, perfect competition, perfect information, representative agents, or so-called rational expectations. This perspective allows him to look afresh at virtually all the elements of economic analysis: the laws of demand and supply, the determination of wage and profit rates, technological change, relative prices, interest rates, bond and equity prices, exchange rates, terms and balance of trade, growth, unemployment, inflation, and long booms culminating in recurrent general crises. In every case, Shaikh's innovative theory is applied to modern empirical patterns and contrasted with neoclassical, Keynesian, and Post-Keynesian approaches to the same issues. Shaikh's object of analysis is the economics of capitalism, and he explores the subject in this expansive light. This is how the classical economists, as well as Keynes and Kalecki, approached the issue. Anyone interested in capitalism and economics in general can gain a wealth of knowledge from this ground-breaking text"--Jacket.… (mehr)
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Normally, the economy is described in either a Neoclassical or a Keynesian perspective. Shaikh provides an alternative, the Classical perspective. Each chapter’s issues are discussed in all three ways to view the economy. Each chapter has a theoretical, a historical, and an empirical analysis of the economy using the three different perspectives. Each different economic perspective is represented in how it views capitalism, competition, and its ability to explain real world changes.
Neoclassical is supply side driven, Keynesian is demand side driven, while Classical is profit seeking driven. The explanation on what ails or helps the economy is heavily depended on the theoretical background. Shaikh uses a myriad of economic research and presents the way other authors viewed the topics, providing a flavor of variety of explanations to the same example even within the same the theory framework.
Rather than a static state of equilibrium, Shaikh focuses on economics as a turbulent equilibrating process. Competition is presented as firms vying for profit, price cutting as much as possible. Regulating capital is a major theme for that determines the general price level of the industry. The economy goes through different cycles, represented in the reoccurrence of crises within a time range. This book provides a really good understanding of how a capitalist economy operates.
The book is not an introduction to economics, although the author uses and explains various major research, it does require a pretty good understanding of at least basic economics. Some parts are written very eloquently, while others sporadically explain a little bit of many different research approaches, which means major issues within the research remain unexplained, making it harder to read. One particular problem creates two issues with reading, the problem is that many parts of the book explain what will be discussed in the future. This creates a lot of additional of pages slowing down the read without much information added, and it seems that certain sections require the an understanding of the future topic to comprehend the other presented topic before the future topic is fully introduced. ( )
  Eugene_Kernes | Jun 4, 2024 |
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"Orthodox economics operates within a hypothesized world of perfect competition in which perfect consumers and firms act to bring about supposedly optimal outcomes. The discrepancies between this model and the reality it claims to address are then attributed to particular imperfections in reality itself. Most heterodox economists seize on this fact and insist that the world is characterized by imperfect competition. But this only ties them to the notion of perfect competition, which remains as their point of departure and base of comparison. There is no imperfection without perfection. In Capitalism, Anwar Shaikh takes a different approach. He demonstrates that most of the central propositions of economic analysis can be derived without any reference to standard devices such as hyperrationality, optimization, perfect competition, perfect information, representative agents, or so-called rational expectations. This perspective allows him to look afresh at virtually all the elements of economic analysis: the laws of demand and supply, the determination of wage and profit rates, technological change, relative prices, interest rates, bond and equity prices, exchange rates, terms and balance of trade, growth, unemployment, inflation, and long booms culminating in recurrent general crises. In every case, Shaikh's innovative theory is applied to modern empirical patterns and contrasted with neoclassical, Keynesian, and Post-Keynesian approaches to the same issues. Shaikh's object of analysis is the economics of capitalism, and he explores the subject in this expansive light. This is how the classical economists, as well as Keynes and Kalecki, approached the issue. Anyone interested in capitalism and economics in general can gain a wealth of knowledge from this ground-breaking text"--Jacket.

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