David V. BarrettRezensionen

An excellent investigation and analysis of a church that attempted to reform many of its teachings and shattered in the process.

While this book is not one which I would have bought myself, I'm really glad that it was given to me as a gift! Religious/spiritual beliefs have always been something which fascinated me, even through my almost complete lack of belief in any of htem, but it's often hard to know where to start the research because so many books are written by biased fanatics. Barrett presents a decidedly unbiased and straightforward view of all if the religious groups featured, and it was very clear based on his inclusion of quotes from practitioners that his fascination is what drove his research. I was surprised while reading that so many of these secret religions are actually based on Judeo-Christian belief systems, just with different interpretations (mostly revolving around symbolism and ritual) or the beliefs that have dominated Western society for two milleniums. Many blend traditions and beliefs from Eastern practises (meditation seems popular) or refocus on an individual's relationship with their own spirituality - interesting concepts in comparison to te group-dominated and hierarchical Judeo-Christian practises. Obviously the later section of the book, which focus on esoteric and neo-pagan spirituality, were of more personal interest to me, since they are closer to the (loose) beliefs that I hold. Much of this information was not new to me, since I hvae done some basic reading on many of these gropus or had peripheral knowledge of their rituals, but I still appreciated the side by side presentation (and no nonsense approach) of the information. There has been a big research book on druidry tha I've been meaning to read for quite some time, so now I have the motivation to actually do it!

I've always been a bit of a sucker for something that promises knowledge that is somehow secret or known only to a privileged few. In my early youth I was intrigued by the advertisements for acane knowledge (handed down through the centuries by a secretive priesthood etc) that were included in the comics (or was it Popular Mechanics) that I read at the time. I think it was the latter...but the Rosicrucian's (AMORC) seemed to have a substantial headquarters and made various promises......so I duly wrote-in asking for the secret wisdom. I can't remember exactly what came back but it was clearly unsatisfying. I think it must have been some suggestion that I enrol in a learning program for a fee .....and I got the impression that there were an infinity of such courses leading to higher and higher qualifications ....but in what? Sounded a bit like a money fleecing operation to me and I never took it further. (At least when I wrote into the catholics for information, about the same time, they were not proposing to charge me).
Anyway, here I am...... 60 plus years later still reading about secret religions (most of whom claim to have secret knowledge or direct acess to god (or gods)). And my conclusions are pretty much as they were with my early brush with the Rosicrucians (AMORC). However, what I learned from this book was that the AMORC was only one of many splinter groups of the Rosicrucians and if there is a unifying factor among all of these secret religions, it seems to be that they have a remarkable tendency to fragment and to form breakaway movements.
The book itself is fairly non-judgemental though the author does let himself have a sly aside ....as when Guy Ballard who taught "mastery over death" died unexpectedly from a stroke......"many members felt cheated". (To me, it is amazing that ALL members did not feel cheated). Though there are a number of reliable fall-back positions adopted by religions when their prediction do not pan out (see P115-116).
However, the book does seem to have focus on relatively recent "secret religions" and I got the impression that the 1800's were something like a golden age for secret religions....though from other readings it would seem that humans have always had a tendency to get sucked in by some charismatic individual who has a secret direct line to the gods. Hence the various Pythagorean schools in ancient Italy and Greece and the Dionysian sects in Rome and the various sects of Baal and Zarathustra and Christianity in the middle east over centuries. These are not covered at all.
In fact, the overall impact on me of the book was that it was a gossipy kind of newsletter about the various individuals who established these religions and who broke off from them and re-established new religions with some minor variations in beliefs. Some of them seemed to intermarry ....or divorce and remarry. Most of them seemed to write their own versions of secret learnings and doctrines. And nearly all of them sought or claimed some kind if connection or lineage from earlier schools or priests. Most of these claimed links do not sustain an investigation. Many schisms seemed to be over things like acceptance of homosexuality or sex magic or the claimed lineage from ancient priesthoods.....rather than over actual doctrines. One example of the "shape-shifting" that leaders of secret religions embraced is the following: .....a short description of the occultism and writer on Tarot, Gerard Encausse, better known as Papus, (1865-1916) and Jean Bricaud (1881-1934), split from the Church, naming their faction the Gnostic Catholic Church. (Papus was briefly a member of the Theosophical Society in the mid 1890's; he joined the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in 1895; and he co-founded the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Croix in 1898). Although Papus was never a regular Freemason, in 1908 he organised the International Masonic and Spiritualist Conference in Paris.....and so on.
Most of the relatively modern groups seem to have a series of teachings that the initiate must undergo to reach a higher level when they (presumably) can be entrusted with a higher level of learning. And, in most cases, there are charges for the higher levels of learning. (Lots of correspondence courses). An extra-ordinary number of the charismatic leaders also seem to have persuaded female followers that one of the sure pathways to mystical knowledge is to engage in sex with the founder.
I did learn a few things ...and one is that despite the claims to ancient learning ...for example from the Druids....the actual knowledge about the practices and beliefs of the Druids more than 2000 years ago is practically zero. They wrote nothing down and what we know is only from antagonistic writings from a few Roman historians such as Julius Caesar or Pliny. Yet, on top of the molehill of unreliable material a mountain of literature has been written.
My impression is that most of the "learnings" of these secret religions is really a mish-mash of ideas and beliefs of the charismatic founders (who usually seemed to incorporate their own religious upbringing into the equation as well). Thus..although there is virtually no discussion of the Mormons in the book, I have found it remarkable that the Book of Mormon .... written on tablets of gold ....was written (actually, supposedly, transcribed by Joseph Smith) into language that is strikingly familiar to anyone who has grown up steeped in the King James version of the Bible....as Joseph Smith had been.
I was intrigued by the frequent references to different kinds of energy the occult grows claimed to be able to tap-into: For example: p48; "the body, meant to be a temple for the spirit, serves as an instrument for a higher force", p51; "contact with the divine force of life", p 77...the violet flame which transmutes the cause, effect, record and memory of negative karma and disqualified energy that result in discord, disease and death. p84 "the intensity of the group...." P108:"...Aura Cleaning....where the electro-magnetic radiation of the human constitutes a field known as the aura", p125, Prana, the universal Life Force.....this energy which flows freely through space", 170: "Kabbalah teaches ways towards mystical union with God, the ultimate purpose of mankind",
I note that the author seems to "go easy" on the Scientologists ....perhaps aware of their proclivity to resort to suing and harassment of critics. Though their mode of operations has much in common with most of these other secret religions....the Charismatic founder, the levels of learning required and the hierarchies involved, and the sumptuous life style of the leaders. (And Ron L Hubbard's early years sound a bit like Kim Il Jong's in their unbelievability.
I did learn that the interest-in and influence-of satanists, seems to be greatly overstated in the popular press:....90% of an occult shop in London expressed no interest or passing curiosity about satanism. And the damage wrought by the psychologists who supposedly were able to revive surpassed memories in children. Most of the subsequent horror stories were shown to be false or impossible etc.
Anyway, a curious and interesting book....more of a reference book than anything else. I give it four stars.

Ook verschenen als Atlas of secret societies

It’s not often that I review books where I have some personal knowledge of the topic.

For the first 20 years of my life, I was a “member” of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG), the faith I was born into.

So, when I saw that David B. Barrett, sometime reviewer of science fiction books in the Fortean Times and also author of occasional religiously-themed articles in that magazine, had written a book on the WCG I was intrigued.

Barrett, formerly trained as a sociology of religion, uses the history of the WCG to answer a question about what happens to faiths founded by one man when that man dies.

Herbert W. Armstrong (HWA -- the W being as meaningless as the S in Harry S. Truman) founded an authoritarian and legalistic religion. The date is a bit nebulous because he led a breakaway group from another church, but he was preaching by 1928.

What he was preaching was a faith that most definitely set its members apart from not only Satan’s world but mainstream Christianity.

There was the observances of Jewish festivals – though not necessarily on the same day that Jews did and Jewish dietary laws.

There was an emphasis on prophecy, an end time apocalypse, “pre-millenariansim”, the belief that the horror of the Book of Revelations would be unleashed on the world, and Christ would return to the world and reign for a thousand years before the Final Judgement. This prophecy was fueled mostly by British-Israelism, the notion that “lost tribes of Israel” emigrated to Europe and can be identified with European nations. The notion goes back to 1590 but really took off after 1840 with John Wilson’s Lectures on Our Israelitish Origins. HWA lifted, without attribution (Barrett rightly says the exact mixture of deception and self-deception is unknowable) from Wilson while passing it off as the product of divinely guided study.

WCG’s day of worship was Saturday, the true Christian Sabbath, and to be observed by a strict sundown Friday to sundown Saturday refraining from worldly pleasures and labor.

Tithing was ordered, three tithes to be specific: ten percent to the church, ten percent to be saved for attending distant religious festivals, specifically the week long Feast of Tabernacles, and, in every third year, another ten percent to be used for the support of poor church members.

Christians are not saved by grace but by works. This was later finagled to be saved by grace but eternally rewarded by works.

Similar to Mormonism, though there is no evidence of any direct influence on HWA, WCG preached that “all resurrected and perfected mortals become gods”.

There was no “immortal soul” thus no eternal damnation to Hell. The dead were to be resurrected upon Christ’s return. The bad were to be destroyed forever. The good became those gods. (Isaac Newton, incidentally, believed in this idea of “conditional immortality”.)

Christmas and Easter and Halloween were deemed pagan holidays and not to be celebrated at all.
And, last, but certainly not least, of its major deviations from traditional Christianity was a renunciation of the Trinity for binarianism, a belief in God and Christ as entities with the Holy Spirit being but an impersonal force. It was that belief, more than any other, that caused traditional churches to denounce WCG as a cult.

All this doctrine was delivered from HWA with no room for deviation. God’s true church, as HWA frequently reminded, was not a democracy.

Barrett’s book, like other Oxford University Press publications I’ve seen, is usefully and clearly organized with evidence followed by concise conclusions.

Barrett is impeccably fair. When addressing the most serious personal criticism of HWA’s behavior, a long term incestuous sexual relationship with his daughter by blood, he merely cites the evidence pro and con. (For what it’s worth, I believe the charge and some church leaders believed it to but tried to rationalize it away in various ways.) Based on my own personal experience, Barrett’s descriptions of church doctrine are accurate.

Barrett did a great deal of research into writings by and about the church. He also conducted extensive interviews with ex-members of the church. (Virtually everyone is an ex-member here because that’s the whole point of the book. They all went to other churches or started their own.) And, of course, being a sociologist, he has a questionnaire.

Barrett looks at how closely HWA matched traditional traits of the schizophrenic or a religious guru. His conclusion is that he was not a schizo, but he fits a lot of the traits of the guru.

WCG was already have problems in the 1970s. HWA’s son, the even more charismatic Garner Ted Armstrong, was once and for all “disfellowshipped” for sexual improprieties. In a high profile legal case, the State of California put the church into receivership. Garner Ted started his own church. But it was really on HWA’s death that the fragmentation began.

HWA’s successors tried to bring WCG more into the mainstream. But, when you’ve spent decades telling your members that God’s only true way is keeping the Sabbath, scorning the Trinity and Christmas, it can be tricky to get them to change their minds when you change yours.

The question Barrett is interested in is how did WCG members react to all this. Take the new dictates as new revealed knowledge from God’s apostles on Earth or decide the Church is corrupt and go elsewhere?

One theory, from religious sociologists Rodney Stark and Richard Finke, is that family and friends, “social capital”, is the main factoring determining whether a person stays or go in a reforming religion. Barrett disputes that, and my own experience backs that up. I was the first out the WCG door and not one of my immediate family members shares the same religion.

Barrett says that “moral capital”, adherence to religious doctrine, was the determining factor in the fate of ex-WCG members. Their schisms were doctrinal disputes. Barrett strongly disagrees with the notion that doctrinal disputes are just disguised schisms in social networks.

I agree. It’s hard for the non-religious to realize that these things are important to some people. They want to get right and keep right with God.

And the schism is still continuing.

A few months ago, I had occasion to talk to an ex-WCG member of my acquaintance from years back. Like everyone else I knew and kept track of from the WCG, he left. He told me of a church he joined that fragmented over doctrine.

It had six members.

Excellent source of information on new religious movements (best I've come across yet!). Appropriately detailed, accurate, and unbiased . Pulls no punches when addressing the controversial nature and practices of many of these beliefs but at the same time refuses to fall into the sectarian hysteria of labeling many of them as 'cults' with the obligatory accusations and sensational allegations.

A general overview of secret societies throughout history. Not sensationalised and very readable.

Handy little book on the tarot, with many illustrations½

V