Christopher R. Browning
Autor von Ganz normale Männer : Das Reserve-Polizeibataillon 101 und die „Endlösung“ in Polen
Über den Autor
Christopher R. Browning taught history at Pacific Lutheran University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a three-time winner of the National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust category, including Ordinary Men in 1994. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts mehr anzeigen and Sciences in 2000. weniger anzeigen
Bildnachweis: Christopher Browning (December 21, 2006, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)
Werke von Christopher R. Browning
Ganz normale Männer : Das Reserve-Polizeibataillon 101 und die „Endlösung“ in Polen (1992) 2,367 Exemplare
The Origins of the Final Solution. The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (2003) 382 Exemplare
Die "Endlösung" und das Auswärtige Amt : das Referat D III der Abteilung Deutschland ; 1940 - 1943 (1978) 19 Exemplare
German Railroads, Jewish Souls: The Reichsbahn, Bureaucracy, and the Final Solution (2019) 6 Exemplare
Uomini comuni. Nuova edizione ampliata: Polizia tedesca e soluzione finale in Polonia (Italian Edition) (2022) 2 Exemplare
Zugehörige Werke
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume II: Ghettos in… (2012) — Einführung, einige Ausgaben — 9 Exemplare
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- Rechtmäßiger Name
- Browning, Christopher Robert
- Andere Namen
- BROWNING, Christopher Robert
BROWNING, Christopher R. - Geburtstag
- 1944-05-22
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- male
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- USA
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- Durham, North Carolina, USA
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- Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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- Oberlin College (BA)
University of Wisconsin-Madison (MA, PhD) - Berufe
- historian
professor (History) - Organisationen
- American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Historical Association
Western Association for German Studies
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Preise und Auszeichnungen
- Phi Beta Kappa
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I claim that if you have not examined the eyewitness accounts and testimonies of 121 men of reserve police battalion 101 (all to be accessed by the German Bundesarchives / Archive of state prosecution of Hamburg) you will remain ignorant of a vital piece to solve the puzzle of the mass murder of not only the Jewish population but will also remain in the dark about who the people were, capable to look their hundreds of individual victims in the eyes as the ended their lives.
Therefore, this is not about the desk murderers, rather it is about the men who were, again and again, confronted by the tears and desperate pleas of their victims, men saturated with the blood of victims shot at close range, assaulted by splinters of bone fragments and brain matter.
The man that drowned their sorrows with the sharp taste of liquor and sweet balm of self deceptions. The men that after a day of such gruesome work wrote home to their families inquiring about their children.
But equally important, neither is this about brutal SS men, that trained and indoctrinated within a cult of violence held killing as a mere expedient. This is the thoroughly researched story of average middle-aged family men who pulled the triggers.
Through the shocking example of Reserve Battalion 101 it becomes clear that brutal mass murder wasn’t solely the domain of the nazified, indoctrinated reserve battalions of the SS.
The murder and systematic shooting of polish and Russian Jews was not limited to the Einsatzgruppen of the SS, neither by scope nor numbers. The 500 men of Reserve Battalion alone, who except for a few WWI veterans had never had fired a shoot in anger managed to most intimate killing over 100 000 Polish and Russian Jews by shooting them execution style, one by one.
This will thoroughly dissolution you of the false if convenient notion that the murderers of Jews were specially selected social outliers of the Nazi organization selected to do their dirty work unknown to the broader German society. Through the history of Reserve Battalion 101, eyewitness accounts and postwar trials it becomes manifest that the members of the broader German society - middle-aged family men themselves - were often the killers to commit the most unthinkable atrocities only to, after the war, continue their average lives in German society. These were the people who quietly picked up their pre-war occupations in the workforce or as business owners. Even more concerning to me is the relative ease with which many of them pursued careers in the police after their time with Police Battalion 101.
This said, it would of course be false to assume that all members of Reserve Battalion 101 behaved the same. Any statistical distributions given there are enough members will roughly conform to three groups according to a Gaussian distribution. In the case of Reserve Battalion’s 500 members the flattened-out curve on the left is the small number of men that refused to shoot unarmed Civilians and the flattening curve on the right presents the small number that enthusiastically participated in the murders. The men presenting the opposite flat ends of the bell curve are very few. The bulge of the bell curve where most killers reside within, present the vast majority who murdered and killed for multi-layered causes such as deference to authority and peer pressure.
Concluding, the author admonishes that in times of increased government legitimization, attenuated personal responsibility through bureaucratization and specialization, governments hardly ever fail to exploit racist and warlike tendencies within people to induce ordinary man to become their willing executioners.
I, myself have experienced, and can attest to the almost religious deference many Germans hold authority in, their preoccupation with “power and toughness" , their submissiveness to the former and therefore, among other precipitant reasons, their susceptibility to unquestioned servitude to a leader.
A common and very successful post war defense was the dire consequences for disobedience, yet in hindsight there is not a single documented case where this was true for any of those who opted out of killing unarmed civilians. It seemed that the consequences were social ostracism rather than concrete punishment for the conscientious objector.
Be that as it may, there is much to admire about the arch-American culture of the pioneer and his individualism that sets the personal spirit above group and its conventions.
The law-abiding murderers got away lightly. After having individually killed hundreds of people, most simply returned to their former jobs. To this date none of the men of any of the several Reserve battalions are still alive.
As a fitting closing comment perhaps, one may say that the testimonies and accounts archived in the Hamburg prosecutor’s office served history more than justice.
What remains to be said is a praise for Christopher R. Browning highly academic work that avoids logical fallacies so common in the methodology of research, the tendentious selectivity of evidence and the consequently biased interpretations that lead to invalid conclusions.… (mehr)