Oscar Martínez

While reading this book I also read two light funny mysteries that take place in Key West.
I mention this because this is a very difficult book to get through. It details the migration of people from Central America trying to reach the USA, by first crossing through Mexico. There are plenty of books that detail Mexicans trying to cross over, and while you would think there would be some camaraderie between the Central Americans and Mexicans there really isn’t.
It is impossible to imagine what is required mentally to leave your home in Guatemala, El Salvador, or Honduras, and begin a trek through Mexico, hoping to eventually cross into the United States. All of this is done illegally.
The migrants face assault, robbery, rape, and being murdered the entire way.
No one is safe.
This book details phenomenally well, how brutally,and hopelessly corrupt and complicit the Mexican government is and sadly this is also true of so many Mexican citizens who see these migrants as easy prey.
Mexico unfortunately is so hopelessly corrupt, and and the same time horrendously inept at running there country, that there is no hope for this situation to ever get better.
This book doesn’t seek to provide answers. The author emphatically states people will continue to try and get into the United States, no matter what, the USA tries to do to stop it.
He acknowledges that sadly many who make it to America learn the hard way it isn’t what they were led to believe, but they still continue to come.
Sadly as usual it is The women who fair the worst, trying to get to the United States.
While I think Everyone should read this book, understand it is sad, brutal and graphic, as well as being true, it is an eye opener, it is going on everyday and it isn’t going to stop!… (mehr)

Thorough investigative journalism studying the lives and deaths of migrants traveling from Central America to the northern border of Mexico.
Here is the old story of the undertrodden taking their misery out on those even more miserable than themselves:
".. at the beginning of 2009, the government of the state of Chiapas finally started paying attention to the violence on these trails. The bandits of today were once day laborers and ranch hands, who for years watched lines and lines of Central American migrants sneaking fearfully through, always ready to duck into the scrub. And then one day one of the laborers must have got an idea: the migrants are walking these trails in order to hide from the authorities, so if there were to be an assault, a rape, say, or a robbery, nobody would report it."

Migrants trying to cross from their towns in Central America through Mexico to El Norte, face kidnapping by the cartels, the Zetas, the ones who have control of this territory:
"At la Victoria ranch, the kidnappers put on a show. They arranged the victims into five groups, lined them up to face the wall and forced them to their knees. Then they started paddling them in the small of their backs. It's a method of military torture used in Mexico, and it's one of the identifying marks of los Zetas. The verb to paddle, tablear, is well known in the overlapping world of both los Zetas and undocumented migrants passing through Mexico.
Any attempt to break los Zetas' rules is punished by death. Two of the kidnapped migrants learned this when, making the best of an unusually inattentive guard, they escaped from the ranch. The men ran for the mountains: an area their captors knew like the back of their hands, but that they didn't know it all. One of the Zetas soldiers went to hunt them down. He shortly returned with one of the migrants, who was marched in front of the other captives and forced to his knees.
'see what happens if you f*** with us!'
Melesit Jimenez, from Honduras, was shot dead in the back of the neck.
Only a few minutes after the body of jimenez fell, two more shots rang out from the hills. The second fugitive was hit once in the neck and once in the stomach.
In the next few days, while the group now numbering 50 learned to submit to their captors, los Zetas entertained themselves by raping the two women in the group, both from honduras, and occasionally paddling the men in the back. They were waiting for the ransom money: between $1,500 and $5,000 apiece, wired from each of the victims' families."
When my girls were little, and they were being naughty, I had one of those little paddle ball toys, that I would cut the paddle ball off of. And I would threaten them with being paddled, but I would only hit the paddle against my thigh, so it would make a big sound, and they would right away stop misbehaving.
So when they talk about paddling the men in the back, I had to look up what they meant on the internet. What I found was not like a little toy paddle ball: a man has his wrists tied together, while one of his captors holds him up, and another man smacks him at the bottom of his back with a block of wood, over and over.

The Imperial power, understanding that there will be no end to migrants trying to escape their poverty and the violence in their hometowns, have created a funnel, that directs the crossers to the hostile environment where there are mountains and desert, and in these mountains and desert are also crossing narcos, bandits, and coyotes, all waiting to kill you, rape you, rob you, and kidnap you, if the environment doesn't.
"... He's starting to understand frontier reality. How the wall and new security technologies have enveloped and overtaken this border in the past 12 years. How everybody who wants to Cross or get something across ( migrants, narcos, and bandits ) have been funneled to the few areas left where there are no walls and it's not too far to run to a city or a highway on the US side. This means that many ( migrants, narcos, and bandits ) are crossing at the same point. It's a game of chance, this border. Sometimes you get lucky and sometimes you don't.
Tijuana is where the wall starts its 1,800-mile trip. This wall is crossed by mexicans, Central americans, South americans, and even chinese. From here to Ciudad Juarez there are nearly 400 miles of walls, bars, or vehicle barriers, that funnel these people into the deserts. In Tijuana is where the routes that lead to some of the most violent cities in the world begin. And everybody ( at least every migrant ) is asking this one question: where is it safe to cross? And the answer is: nowhere. The US government has made sure of that."

Let's say in the unlikely circumstance that you managed to cross over the border. Chances are you are going to be picked up by a border agent, because they have vibration sensors buried in the ground, they have radar towers tracking movement, and they have agents looking through night vision binoculars. Now, you are going to be deported. But that's not the worst of it: The worst of it is that your group, your family or your friends, will be split up and deported into different cities:
"receiving apprehended migrants from other border sectors as well, Tijuana has also become a city of deportees. The Mexican National Institute of Migration ( INM ) calculates that about 900 persons are deported to the city every day. The US department of Homeland Security deports migrants to Tijuana ( in what is called lateral deportation ) because it supposedly deters them from reattempting to cross by separating them from their coyotes and support groups. But deportations don't just break up pollo and pollero. Even families are divided: a mother sent to Nogales, a father to Tijuana, an uncle to Juarez. Central Americans are usually flown all the way back to their country, which often means they have to wait a lot longer ( sometimes months ) in detention centers to get flown out and eventually released."
After this book was written, the Obama and Trump administrations both started the practice of taking children away from their migrant families, in a despicable method of deterrence.
We don't know what happened to those children, but chances are good that they were sold into slavery. And we have no idea if this practice still continues into the present of 2022.

Dog eat dog:
"The plaza is the best place to swindle migrants. One classic stunt is to sell a migrant's information to the people who work in the 'call centers.' Coyote agents, who are typically pretty chatty guys, like to squeeze names, numbers, destinations in the United states, and any other info they can out of migrants. They listen in, build up trust, redial phone numbers, whatever it takes. The call centers pay 1,000 pesos for a family member's phone number. They call migrants families and tell them their loved one has been kidnapped, and is going to be beaten or killed unless they wire 5000 pesos through Western union.
It's a cutthroat money game here. There are no sales and no special offers. It's like the whole town and all the crossing zones are being taken over by parasites, by anybody who can leach off the system. The whole package to cross costs $2,400 and includes a grueling 7-night walk across the desert. If the migrant is a Central American, the coyotes charge an extra $600, just because they can: because in Mexico most Central Americans have nowhere to go but north. on top of this each migrant has to pay the $70 Narco tax once they get over the line. There's usually another tariff as well-$100 for the marijuana farmer or cattle rancher who lets the groups cross through their land."

The border is a violent zone that is constantly being battled over for supremacy by the different cartels:
"they're not gangs and they're not corner hoodlums. They're organizations that cross hundreds of tons of South American cocaine and Mexican marijuana and methamphetamine to the United states. The Juarez cartel was the largest in Mexico during the 1990s. Back then it was led by Amado Carrillo, known as El Señor de Los Cielos, the Lord of the Skies. Carrillo Was something like the Mexican version of Colombia's Pablo Escobar. He earned his nickname because he used his Boeing 727 to cross loads of cocaine every week, sold at 200 million US dollars. The Mexican government alleged that an unrecognizable body found in 1997 in a clinic specializing in plastic surgery, was Carrillo's. Since his death or disappearance his relatives have led the Juarez cartel, but it has been weakened by the Sinaloa and gulf cartels' power surge.
The Sinaloa cartel has its hands in both Central and South America. this cartel is led by the most famous Mexican narco trafficker, Joaquin 'El Chapo' Guzman Loera, who wants to strip the Juarez cartel of its last bit of armor in the city that gives it its name. El Chapo became a household name in 2001 when he escaped from a maximum security prison by supposedly hiding in a crate of dirty laundry. Now he wants to snatch the throne that the Lord of the Skies left empty."
This book is obviously dated; it was written in 2009. Since then much has changed. You may remember that before El Chapo was recaptured, he threatened to assassinate trumpedo, who was very outspoken about his hate of mexicans.
Also of note, there is a telenovela called El Señor de Los Cielos, about Amado Carrillo on netflix, and it's pretty entertaining. I didn't finish watching all of the chapters; it's pretty lengthy.

I just learned from my sister that there was a documentary made from this book, called The Beast. I will be watching that, if I can find it.… (mehr)

Óscar Martínez is a young reporter from El Salvador. He has reported for the digital newspaper El Faro for many years. Because of the bold nature of the newspaper, its reporters have been subject to government surveillance, including Martínez.

In "A History of Violence: Living and Dying in Central America," Martínez makes contact with a wide array of people who have been impacted by or are responsible for the violence that plagues El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico's southern border. Each chapter is a stand-alone report from a different criminal activity, including human trafficking, drug trafficking, local extortion, and political corruption. The book has matter-of-fact descriptions of violence, including torture, murder, and rape.

How he makes his contacts is not described, but Martínez speaks with everyone from corrupt politicians and police to street drug dealers to prisoners to women who have been subject to forced prostitution to military attachés. He travels from an indigenous community where people have been kicked off their land to a community well in the process of being excavated by a forensic anthropologist to a prison cell in a tiny police station where a hitman escaped. Martínez narrates the interactions between police, politicians, maras, and cartels in order to describe a region that, in his estimation, is stuck in a vicious cycle of violence.

While the writing might spare some gory details, it is businesslike and makes for a fast read. When put together, the chapters show just how desperate this region is for peace and stability.

One complaint about this book is that Martínez often switches between nicknames and real names of the people he is describing. This causes some slight confusion. There is also little in the way of history, as the books title suggests there should be. A brief connection is made between the flight of refugees during the Salvadoran Civil War and their eventual deportation from the United States, but this is almost in passing. A better title might be "Stories of Violence: Living and Dying in Central America."… (mehr)

This book presents itself with a cover photo of a migrant on a freight car and says it's about "riding the rails". True enough, the book starts out in Guatemala and Honduras with the migrants working themselves into southern Mexico to start the migration up to the U.S. Like the non-documentary film, Sin Nombre, it does an excellent job of explaining why so many people feel compelled to flee their homelands and confront so many serious obstacles to reach America. The first part of the book could have been the basis for the film's screenplay. It's that similar. Both the book and the movie state very clearly that it's as much, if not more, of a factor of how untenable the existence is in Central America for migrants as it is how much America offers. Yet, about midway through the book, the author shifts focus to the vast Mexican border and the million and one obstacles that migrants face in crossing over into America. The U.S. Border Patrol is, in many respects, the least of those obstacles. This book covers the migrant experience is great depth. The feature that most distinguishes this book, however, is that this is almost entirely first person reporting. The author and a companion photographer place themselves throughout, in the midst of the migrants, their families, and those supporting or conflicting or merely observing those same migrants. This is not an historians perspective, nor that of a reporter showing up at an event and then rushing off to write a story. This is journalistic immersion. The reader will respect and admire what the author has done to tell this story. I very much look forward to reading his next work.… (mehr)