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The Somme (2005)

von Robin Prior, Trevor Wilson

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In the long history of the British Army, the Battle of the Somme was its bloodiest encounter. Between July 1 and mid-November 1916, 432,000 of its soldiers became casualties--about 3,600 for every day of battle. German casualties were far fewer despite British superiority in the air and in lethal artillery. What went wrong for the British, and who was responsible? Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson have examined the entire public archive on the Battle of the Somme to reconstruct the day-by-day course of the war. The result is the most precise and authentic account of the campaign on record and a book that challenges almost every received view of the battle. The colossal rate of infantry casualties in fact resulted from inadequate fire support; responsibility for tactical mistakes actually belonged to the High Command and the civilian War Committee. Field-Marshall Haig, the records show, was repeatedly deficient in strategy, tactics, command, and organization. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers died for a cause that lacked both a coherent military plan and responsible political leadership. Prior and Wilson decisively change our understanding of the history of the Western Front.… (mehr)
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It’s hard to stay decent while trying to pick out nouns and adjectives appropriate to describe the Somme. It more of a campaign than a battle, starting with a bang in July 1916 and ending with a whimper that November. This is something of a debunking book; the conventional wisdom is that stolid British soldiers carrying 66 pound packs went over the top in dressed lines and were cut down in rows by German machine gun fire. The authors contend that many of the attacking units used novel and imaginative infantry tactics, including Lewis gun teams and “bomber” squads, and made as much use as possible of cover, but no imaginable infantry tactics could have worked. The fatal flaw (according to Prior and Wilson) was artillery preparation; the British high command, hoping for a breakthrough with the cavalry corps pouring through “to the green fields beyond”, devoted almost all their artillery to attempts to cut lanes in barbed wire and practically none to counter battery work. The untouched German artillery ignored the front lines and concentrated on approaches and assembly areas (helped by the fact that they held local high ground and therefore had superior observation); as a result some units had 70% casualties before they even reached the front line trenches. It’s contended that this is the origin of the “rows of dead soldiers carrying packs” myth; these were not troops “going over the top” but in the rear on approach marches. The German machine guns may have contributed even so, since they sometimes used them as “indirect fire” weapons.

It didn’t get much better with time, as British generals Haig and Rawlinson learned practically nothing from their mistakes. A few new tactics were introduced: first the barrage in “lifts”, then the “creeping” barrage, then the “bite and hold” tactic (adopted more by default than deliberate planning), but the Germans used new tactics, too: moving their machine teams to shell holes rather than trenches. There were plenty of these to go around; it’s estimated that one shell of 75mm or greater for every square yard of the front. This caused a least one event vaguely similar to astronomers interpreting random Martian craters as “canals”; British aerial photographs misinterpreted a line of water-filled shell holes as a road, resulting in a British artillery team attempting to use it and drowning their mules.

So the bloody carnage just went on and on. Some British units lost 300% casualties (i.e. the entire unit was replaced three times during the battle). Total British killed were about 150000, with another 100000 hurt too badly to fight again. The British always overestimated German casualties, figuring them at 1.25M (!); the actual German casualties were probably about 200000. One of the telling statistics is that of the British casualties, 71 were cavalry.


One flaw in the book is little information about the German side. Analysis on the British side goes all the way from cabinet meetings down to stirring accounts of small unit actions, but there’s nothing for the Germans other than descriptions of defensive positions. The authors also don’t discuss any general history of the war (what happened to get the armies there and what happened afterward) but it’s already a pretty long book.

I wonder if there’s anybody left? If you lied about your age joined the army at 16, you would be 106 now. If you were there and still around all honor you; if not, all honor to your memory, whether you wore khaki or feldgrau. ( )
1 abstimmen setnahkt | Dec 29, 2017 |
Questo e un libro molto interessante per coloro che sono appassionati di storia del 900 e di storia militare. Il libro e una cronaca della battaglia della Somme (dal nome dell'omonimo fiume presso cui si e combattuta). L'esigenza di combattere una grande battaglia sul fronte occidentale era stata proposta nella conferenza interalleata a Chantilly nel dicembre 1915. Qui si era deciso, di comune accordo con i rappresentanti degli stati alleati di Francia, Gran Bretagna, Russia e Italia di lanciare offensive simultanee su tutti i fronti di guerra per la primavera del 1916. Gran Bretagna e Francia decisero di lanciare una offensiva congiunta sulla rivacdestra e sinistra del fiume Somme. Con l'inizio dell'anno 1916 vennero quindi preparati dei piani di guerra che prevedevano una partecipazione di grossi contingenti inglesi e francesi con l'aspettativa di ottenere grossi risultati in fatto di conquista di territorio tenuto dai tedeschi. Tuttavia ben presto il contingente che avrebbe dovuto fornire l'esercito francese, per una serie di ragioni, non ultima l'emergenza sorta con l'attacco tedesco a Verdun, venne drasticamente ridotto fino a raggiungere una proporzione insignificante. L'alto comando inglese, nonostante questo, decise di portare avanti l'offensiva prevista, pur essendo consapevole che tutto lo sforzo sarebbe ricaduto sulle proprie spalle. Non solo: decise anche di aggiungere ulteriori, improbabili, obiettivi per l'imminente battaglia. A capo del corpo di spedizione britannico era allora il generale sir Douglas Haig. L'intero sforzo dell'operazione sarebbe stato sostenuto dalla IV Armata comandata dal generale sir Henry Rawlinson. La battaglia ebbe inizio dopo vari rinvii il 01 luglio 1916. Da subito cominciarono a sorgere le prime difficoltà. Solo il primo giorno di combattimento gli inglesi lamentarono circa 60.000 vittime senza aver conquistato nemmeno un metro di territorio. La battaglia duro' dal 01 luglio al 18 novembre 1916. I risultati furono molto modesti rispetto al tremendo numero delle vittime dell'esercito inglese, 432.000, di cui 152.000 morti. La battaglia che Haig aveva sognato di combattere per dare una svolta decisiva alla guerra aveva miseramente fallito lo scopo. L'esercito tedesco aveva tenuto e non solo, era anche stato in grado di trasferire un congruo numero di divisioni sul fronte orientale e eliminare la Romania dalla guerra. Le ragioni del fallimento dell'offensiva sulla Somme sono da ricercare nella mancanza di un piano adeguato allo scopo e in una non chiara visione degli obiettivi prefissati, con continui cambi all'ultimo momento e un inadeguato uso dell'artiglieria anche se di questa gli inglesi ne avevano in abbondanza, infatti per tutta la durata della battaglia, vennero sparati circa 9.000.000 di colpi artiglieria di vario calibro. In questa battaglia, per la prima volta, nel settembre 1916, venne usato il carro armato anche se la sua comparsa non servì a modificare significativamente l'andamento della battaglia. Il libro dunque e' un ottimo documento su una delle più grandi battaglie della storia militare. E di facile lettura e molto ben documentato. Si potrebbe lamentare che vengano forniti troppi dettagli sui movimenti delle unità dellesercito inglese ma questo si rende comunque necessario se si vuole capire come si svolsero i fatti. ( )
  xanax025 | Feb 1, 2010 |
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AutorennameRolleArt des AutorsWerk?Status
Robin PriorHauptautoralle Ausgabenberechnet
Wilson, TrevorHauptautoralle Ausgabenbestätigt
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There is a widely held view about the initiation and prosecution of the Battle of the Somme.
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In the long history of the British Army, the Battle of the Somme was its bloodiest encounter. Between July 1 and mid-November 1916, 432,000 of its soldiers became casualties--about 3,600 for every day of battle. German casualties were far fewer despite British superiority in the air and in lethal artillery. What went wrong for the British, and who was responsible? Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson have examined the entire public archive on the Battle of the Somme to reconstruct the day-by-day course of the war. The result is the most precise and authentic account of the campaign on record and a book that challenges almost every received view of the battle. The colossal rate of infantry casualties in fact resulted from inadequate fire support; responsibility for tactical mistakes actually belonged to the High Command and the civilian War Committee. Field-Marshall Haig, the records show, was repeatedly deficient in strategy, tactics, command, and organization. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers died for a cause that lacked both a coherent military plan and responsible political leadership. Prior and Wilson decisively change our understanding of the history of the Western Front.

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