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Recreations in the Theory of Numbers: The Queen of Mathematics Entertains

von Albert H. Beiler, Albert H. Beiler

MitgliederRezensionenBeliebtheitDurchschnittliche BewertungDiskussionen
1611169,623 (3.7)2
Number theory, the Queen of Mathematics, is an almost purely theoretical science. Yet it can be the source of endlessly intriguing puzzle problems, as this remarkable book demonstrates. This is the first book to deal exclusively with the recreational aspects of the subject and it is certain to be a delightful surprise to all devotees of the mathematical puzzle, from the rawest beginner to the most practiced expert. Almost every aspect of the theory of numbers that could conceivably be of interest to the layman is dealt with, all from the recreational point of view. Readers will become acquainted with divisors, perfect numbers, the ingenious invention of congruences by Gauss, scales of notation, endless decimals, Pythagorean triangles (there is a list of the first 100 with consecutive legs; the 100th has a leg of 77 digits), oddities about squares, methods of factoring, mysteries of prime numbers, Gauss's Golden Theorem, polygonal and pyramidal numbers, the Pell Equation, the unsolved Last Theorem of Fermat, and many other aspects of number theory, simply by learning how to work with them in solving hundreds of mathematical puzzle problems. The text is extremely clear and easy to follow, and it bears convincing evidence of the author's deep sense of humor and his outstanding ability to lure the reader through even the most difficult trails by skillfully revealing their fascination. The problems distributed throughout the book are explained in the final chapter and there is also a supplementary chapter containing 100 problems and their solutions, many original. There are over 100 tables. The appeal of these stimulating puzzles lies in their ready comprehensibility and the fact that only high school math is needed to master the fundamental theory presented by the author. This theory is itself interesting and of use to the more serious math student, but it may be omitted by lay readers without diminishing the book's challenge or detracting from the pleasure-giving nuggets it contains.… (mehr)
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Indeholder "Preface", "I. Presentation at Court", "II. Divisors for Diversion", "III. Perfection", "IV. Just Between Friends", "V. Invention of the Master", "VI. Open Sesame", "VII. The Cup of Tantalus", "VIII. Digits - and the Magic of 9", "IX. Scales and Discords", "X. Cycling Towards Infinity", "XI. 11111...111", "XII. Fee - Fie - Fo - Fum", "XIII. Queer Logs - Back to the Primitive", "XIV. The Eternal Triangle", "XV. On the Square", "XVI. Farey Tails", "XVII. Round the Perimeter", "XVIII. Ball Games", "XIX. Theorema Aureum", "XX. Among the Himalayas", "XXI. Resolution", "XXII. The Pellian", "XXIII. Morphology", "XXIV. The Stone Wall", "XXV. Tilts and Tourneys", "XXVI. The Queen Explains: Solutions to Problems", "Index".

"Preface" handler om at morsom og matematik ikke ofte forbindes med hinanden og at der indtil denne bog ikke var udgivet en bog, der udelukkende beskæftigede sig med matematik som morsomt tidsfordriv.
"I. Presentation at Court" handler om hvad bogens emne egentlig er og lægger ud med 12 opgaver, der ser ens ud men i sværhedsgrad rummer hele paletten.
"II. Divisors for Diversion" handler om pudsige spørgsmål om divisorer, fx for hvilke tal er summen af divisorerne et kvadrattal.
"III. Perfection" handler om perfekte tal og lister fx nogle få af de krav et ulige perfekt tal skal opfylde.
"IV. Just Between Friends" handler om venskabstal som 284 og 220, hvor summen af det ene tals divisorer giver det andet tal og omvendt. Længere kæder findes selvfølgeligt også.
"V. Invention of the Master" handler om kongruenser og modulo regning.
"VI. Open Sesame" handler om Fermat's teorem: Hvis x ikke er delelig med p, så er x^(p-1)-1 delelig med p.
"VII. The Cup of Tantalus" handler om Wilson's teorem, der giver en smuk primtalstest, der i praksis er ubrugelig på samme måde som Tantalus's kop, der tømmes, når han tager den op til læberne.
"VIII. Digits - and the Magic of 9" handler om forskellige ret trivielle regnetricks med 9-taller.
"IX. Scales and Discords" handler om talsystemer med grundtal andet end 10, fx 2 og russisk bondemultiplikation.
"X. Cycling Towards Infinity" handler om periodiske decimalbrøker.
"XI. 11111...111" handler om tal af formen a^n - 1, fordi de ser sjove ud og har interessante egenskaber, når man vil finde ud af om de er primtal.
"XII. φ - Fie - Fo - Fum" handler om Eulers φ-funktion også kaldet phi-funktionen.
"XIII. Queer Logs - Back to the Primitive" handler om index-funktionen i restklasseoperationer og hvordan man bruger den som en diskret logaritmefunktion.
"XIV. The Eternal Triangle" handler om Pythagoræiske trekanter, som 3-4-5.
"XV. On the Square" handler om opdeling af kvadrater som sum af andre kvadrater.
"XVI. Farey Tails" handler om rækken af brøker med tæller og nævner mindre end eller lig med n opstillet i rækkefølge.
"XVII. Round the Perimeter" handler om Fermat-primtal og konstruerbare regulære n-kanter.
"XVIII. Ball Games" handler om trekanttal, firkanttal, sekskanttal osv. Og Pell-ligninger for samme.
"XIX. Theorema Aureum" handler om Gauss sætning om kvadratiske rester.
"XX. Among the Himalayas" handler om primtal og primtalsfordelingen, test for om et tal er et primtal og formler, der genererer mange primtal.
"XXI. Resolution" handler om omløsning i primfaktorer, gerne med brug af mekaniske indretninger og designet af familien Lehmer.
"XXII. The Pellian" handler om Arkimedes og hans kvægproblem, samt lignende heltalsligninger.
"XXIII. Morphology" handler om hvad man kan sige om formen på divisorer af tal, som man kender formen på. Eulers Numeri idonei.
"XXIV. The Stone Wall" handler om Fermat's sidste sætning x^n + y^n = z^n har ingen heltallige løsninger for n større end 2. Kumner og opdagelsen af at primtalsfaktorisering ikke er entydig i alle tallegemer.
"XXV. Tilts and Tourneys" er 100 små opgaver af varierende sværhedsgrad.
"XXVI. The Queen Explains: Solutions to Problems" handler om løsningerne på problemerne i kapitel XXV.
"Index" er et opslagsregister.

Glimrende bog med inspiration til mange timers leg med matematiske problemer. Samme år som den her udkom, havde en C. P. Willans morskab ud af at lave en formel for det n'te primtal. I praksis er det bare Wilsons teorem pakket om i endnu mere ineffektiv form. C. P. Willans, On Formulae for the nth Prime Number (1964) (Mathematical Gazette vol. 48, no. 366) ( )
  bnielsen | Oct 16, 2022 |
keine Rezensionen | Rezension hinzufügen

» Andere Autoren hinzufügen

AutorennameRolleArt des AutorsWerk?Status
Albert H. BeilerHauptautoralle Ausgabenberechnet
Beiler, Albert H.Hauptautoralle Ausgabenbestätigt
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Wikipedia auf Englisch (3)

Number theory, the Queen of Mathematics, is an almost purely theoretical science. Yet it can be the source of endlessly intriguing puzzle problems, as this remarkable book demonstrates. This is the first book to deal exclusively with the recreational aspects of the subject and it is certain to be a delightful surprise to all devotees of the mathematical puzzle, from the rawest beginner to the most practiced expert. Almost every aspect of the theory of numbers that could conceivably be of interest to the layman is dealt with, all from the recreational point of view. Readers will become acquainted with divisors, perfect numbers, the ingenious invention of congruences by Gauss, scales of notation, endless decimals, Pythagorean triangles (there is a list of the first 100 with consecutive legs; the 100th has a leg of 77 digits), oddities about squares, methods of factoring, mysteries of prime numbers, Gauss's Golden Theorem, polygonal and pyramidal numbers, the Pell Equation, the unsolved Last Theorem of Fermat, and many other aspects of number theory, simply by learning how to work with them in solving hundreds of mathematical puzzle problems. The text is extremely clear and easy to follow, and it bears convincing evidence of the author's deep sense of humor and his outstanding ability to lure the reader through even the most difficult trails by skillfully revealing their fascination. The problems distributed throughout the book are explained in the final chapter and there is also a supplementary chapter containing 100 problems and their solutions, many original. There are over 100 tables. The appeal of these stimulating puzzles lies in their ready comprehensibility and the fact that only high school math is needed to master the fundamental theory presented by the author. This theory is itself interesting and of use to the more serious math student, but it may be omitted by lay readers without diminishing the book's challenge or detracting from the pleasure-giving nuggets it contains.

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793The arts Recreational and performing arts Indoor games and amusements

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